From Victim to Villain: How Gendered Narratives Shape Drug Courier Trials

Authors

Serafina C. Russo

Date

2026

Abstract

This article examines how gendered stereotypes, coercive trafficking dynamics, and permissive evidentiary practices create systemic bias in criminal prosecutions of women, particularly in drug trafficking cases. It highlights how courts often allow expert testimony and generalized narratives that blur neutral analysis with character judgment, inviting jurors to rely on cultural assumptions rather than objective facts. The “blind mule” phenomenon demonstrates the human cost, disproportionately affecting women from marginalized backgrounds, and reflects violations of due process and the presumption of innocence. The article argues for judicial and legislative reforms, including rigorous enforcement and clarification of Rule 704(b), to prevent stereotypes from masquerading as expertise and to protect female defendants from biased trials.

Recommended Citation

Russo, Serafina C. (2026) "From Victim to Villain: How Gendered Narratives Shape Drug Courier Trials," Journal of Race, Gender, and Ethnicity: Vol. 14: Iss. 1, Article 10.
Available at: https://digitalcommons.tourolaw.edu/jrge/vol14/iss1/10